definition of female circumcision

Natashya

3 min read

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08-03-2025

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Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, is a harmful practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It's a violation of human rights, with severe consequences for physical and mental health. This article will delve deeper into its definition, types, and the devastating impact it has on women and girls worldwide.

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

FGM encompasses a range of procedures that are carried out on girls and women for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. These procedures are not medically necessary and cause significant harm. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes FGM into four types:

Types of FGM

• Type I (Clitoridectomy): Partial or total removal of the clitoris, which is a highly sensitive part of the female genitalia.

• Type II (Excision): Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora (inner lips). This can also involve the removal of the labia majora (outer lips).

• Type III (Infibulation): Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. This is done by cutting and repositioning the labia minora and/or labia majora. Often, a small opening is left for urination and menstruation.

• Type IV (Other): All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, including pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization.

The Harmful Effects of FGM

The consequences of FGM are far-reaching and devastating. Immediate complications can include:

• Severe pain and bleeding: The procedures are often performed without anesthesia, resulting in intense pain.

• Infection: Unsanitary conditions during the procedure greatly increase the risk of infection.

• Shock and death: In some cases, complications can be fatal.

Long-term effects can include:

• Chronic pain: Many women experience ongoing pain, particularly during sexual intercourse and menstruation.

• Urinary problems: Difficulties urinating, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and incontinence are common.

• Menstrual problems: FGM can lead to painful and irregular menstruation, as well as difficulties with childbirth.

• Sexual dysfunction: The practice often results in reduced sexual sensation and enjoyment.

• Psychological trauma: The emotional and psychological impact of FGM can be severe, leading to depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• Complications during childbirth: FGM significantly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, potentially leading to maternal and infant mortality.

The Cultural Context of FGM

While FGM is often linked to cultural traditions and beliefs, it's crucial to understand that these practices are not inherent to any particular religion or culture. Many communities that previously practiced FGM are actively working to abandon the practice. The reasons behind the continuation of FGM are complex and multifaceted, often involving:

• Social pressure: Girls and women may face immense pressure to undergo FGM to conform to societal expectations.

• Fear of exclusion: Not undergoing FGM can lead to social ostracization and rejection.

• Misconceptions about hygiene and sexuality: Some believe that FGM improves hygiene or reduces a woman's sexual desire, preventing infidelity. These are harmful misconceptions.

• Maintaining tradition: The practice is often presented as a way of upholding cultural heritage and identity.

Combating FGM

Ending FGM requires a multi-pronged approach that includes:

• Education and awareness: Educating communities about the harmful effects of FGM is vital.

• Legal action: Strengthening laws and enforcing existing legislation against FGM is crucial.

• Community engagement: Working with local leaders and community members to change attitudes and behaviors is essential.

• Healthcare services: Providing comprehensive healthcare services for women who have undergone FGM is critical.

• International cooperation: Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and international organizations is essential.

Female genital mutilation is a serious violation of human rights that has devastating consequences for women and girls worldwide. Understanding its definition, types, and impact is the first step towards ending this harmful practice. By working together, we can create a future where all women and girls can live free from violence and discrimination.