dsm v add adhd

3 min read 13-03-2025

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting millions worldwide. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), is the standard classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose ADHD. This article will clarify the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, addressing the common misconception of a separate "ADD" diagnosis.

Understanding the DSM-5's Approach to ADHD

The DSM-5 no longer uses separate classifications for "ADD" (Attention-Deficit Disorder) and "ADHD." Instead, it recognizes ADHD as a single disorder with three distinct presentations:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: This subtype is characterized primarily by inattention and difficulty with organization and focus. Individuals may struggle with sustained attention, often appearing daydreamy or easily distracted. They may also have trouble completing tasks or following instructions.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: This subtype is defined by hyperactivity and impulsivity. Individuals may fidget excessively, talk incessantly, have trouble remaining seated, and act before thinking. They may interrupt conversations or struggle to wait their turn.
Combined Presentation: This is the most common presentation, encompassing significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Individuals experience a blend of challenges with focus, organization, and impulse control. They may exhibit a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors.

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD

Regardless of the presentation, the DSM-5 outlines specific criteria for an ADHD diagnosis. To meet the criteria, an individual must exhibit six or more symptoms of inattention or five or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity that have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and negatively impacts social, academic, or occupational functioning. These symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work).

Inattention Criteria (at least six of the following):

Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace.
Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, or mobile telephones).
Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Is often forgetful in daily activities.

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Criteria (at least five of the following):

Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations where it is inappropriate.
Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.
Is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor.”
Often talks excessively.
Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed.
Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).

Age Considerations

The DSM-5 also considers age when diagnosing ADHD. Symptoms must have been present before age 12, although some symptoms may only become apparent later in life as demands increase. It's important to note that not all symptoms will be present at all times; some may be more prominent in certain situations.

The Importance of Professional Diagnosis

This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice. A proper diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed clinical social worker. They will conduct a thorough assessment, considering the individual's developmental history, current symptoms, and impact on their daily life. A professional diagnosis is crucial for accessing appropriate treatment and support.

Seeking Help and Treatment for ADHD

If you suspect you or a loved one may have ADHD, seeking professional evaluation is the first step. Treatment options vary depending on the individual’s needs and may include medication, therapy (such as behavioral therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy), and/or educational interventions. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life. There are many resources available to provide support and guidance.

Remember, understanding the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD is a vital first step in addressing this common neurodevelopmental disorder. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving overall well-being.