splenius capitis and cervicis

3 min read 14-03-2025

The splenius capitis and cervicis muscles are deep neck muscles that play crucial roles in head and neck movement and stability. Understanding their anatomy, function, and how they contribute to pain is essential for effective treatment and prevention. This article delves into the details of these often-overlooked but vital muscles.

Anatomy of the Splenius Capitis and Cervicis

Both the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis originate from the spinous processes of the vertebrae in the upper back. However, their insertion points differ, leading to distinct actions.

Splenius Capitis:

Origin: Spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T3/T4) and the lower cervical vertebrae (C7).
Insertion: Mastoid process of the temporal bone (behind the ear) and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone (back of the skull).

Splenius Cervicis:

Origin: Spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T3).
Insertion: Transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae (C1-C3).

These muscles are arranged in a layered fashion, with the splenius capitis lying superficially to the splenius cervicis. They are innervated by the posterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves.

Function of the Splenius Capitis and Cervicis

The primary function of these muscles is to extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head and neck. Their actions are coordinated with other neck muscles to provide precise and controlled movement.

Splenius Capitis Actions:

Extension: Pulling the head backward.
Unilateral Rotation: Turning the head to the same side.
Unilateral Lateral Flexion: Bending the head to the same side.

Splenius Cervicis Actions:

Extension: Extends the neck.
Unilateral Rotation: Rotates the neck to the same side.
Unilateral Lateral Flexion: Bends the neck to the same side.

These muscles are particularly important for maintaining posture and stabilizing the head during movements. They work synergistically with other deep neck flexors and extensors.

Pain and Dysfunction Related to the Splenius Muscles

Tightness or dysfunction in the splenius capitis and cervicis can lead to various symptoms, including:

Neck pain: This is often felt in the upper back and neck, radiating to the head.
Headaches: Tension headaches are frequently associated with tightness in these muscles.
Limited range of motion: Difficulty turning the head or bending the neck.
Shoulder pain: Referred pain from the neck muscles can sometimes be felt in the shoulders.
Upper trapezius pain: The splenius muscles often work in conjunction with the upper trapezius, and problems in one can affect the other.

Common causes of splenius muscle pain include:

Poor posture: Prolonged sitting or slouching can strain these muscles.
Stress: Muscle tension from stress can contribute to pain.
Whiplash: This type of neck injury frequently involves damage to the splenius muscles.
Repetitive movements: Tasks involving repetitive neck movements can lead to overuse and pain.

Treatment and Relief for Splenius Muscle Pain

Treatment options for splenius capitis and cervicis pain vary depending on the cause and severity.

Conservative Treatment Options:

Heat or cold therapy: Applying heat or ice packs can help reduce pain and inflammation.
Stretching exercises: Specific stretches targeting these muscles can improve flexibility and relieve tension. (Examples of stretches will be provided below)
Massage: Massage therapy can help relax the tight muscles and improve blood flow.
Self-massage: Using a foam roller or tennis ball to massage the affected area can provide relief.
Posture correction: Maintaining good posture can prevent future problems.
Over-the-counter pain relievers: NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce pain and inflammation.

Other Treatment Options:

Physical Therapy: A physical therapist can provide a comprehensive treatment plan including exercises, manual therapy, and modalities.
Dry needling: This technique involves inserting thin needles into trigger points in the muscles to release tension.
Chiropractic care: Chiropractic adjustments may help improve spinal alignment and reduce muscle strain.

Stretches for the Splenius Capitis and Cervicis

1. Splenius Capitis Stretch: Gently tilt your head to one side, bringing your ear towards your shoulder. Hold for 30 seconds and repeat on the other side.

2. Splenius Cervicis Stretch: Extend your neck and gently rotate your head to one side. Hold for 30 seconds and repeat on the other side. You can deepen this stretch by gently applying counter pressure with your hand to the side of your head.

Important Note: If you experience persistent or severe neck pain, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the splenius capitis and cervicis muscles, their function, and common causes of related pain. By understanding these muscles and implementing appropriate preventative measures and treatment, individuals can improve their neck health and reduce the risk of developing pain. Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.